![]() ![]() The 14-3-3 ligand in the client protein is a short linear motif, most often phosphorylated, found in intrinsically disordered regions ( Bustos and Iglesias, 2006). 14-3-3s are small, ~30 kDa, proteins, and they are hockey-stick shaped with the client binding site consisting of a shallow groove on the concave side ( Gardino et al., 2006). They function as adaptors that can modulate the enzymatic activity, structure, and stability of client proteins by inducing or stabilizing a conformational change upon binding or by bridging together domains or proteins in a larger signaling complex ( Aitken, 2006 Bridges and Moorhead, 2005 Cornell and Toyo-Oka, 2017). The 14-3-3s are a small family of highly conserved proteins found in all eukaryotic cells. As such, future investigations into 14-3-3 function in rod photoreceptors should be centered on 14-3-3 ε and 14-3-3 ζ, depending on the subcellular region of question. Our data demonstrates that, in the retina, 14-3-3 isoforms likely serve specific functions as they exhibit unique expression levels and cell-type specificity. Immunohistochemistry revealed that 14-3-3 ε and 14-3-3 ζ exhibit unique distributions in photoreceptors with 14-3-3 ε restricted to the inner segment and 14-3-3 ζ localized to the outer segment. Rod photoreceptors are enriched in YWHAE (14-3-3 ε). We find that all 14-3-3 genes with the exception of SFN are expressed in mouse retina with YWHAQ and YWHAE being the most highly expressed. Here we provide a characterization of 14-3-3 expression in whole retina and isolated rod photoreceptors using reverse-transcriptase digital droplet PCR. A key limitation in our understanding of 14-3-3 biology lies in our limited knowledge of cell-type specific 14-3-3 expression. Growing evidence indicates that while highly conserved, these isoforms are not entirely functionally redundant as they exhibit unique tissue expression profiles, subcellular localization, and biochemical functions. The 14-3-3 family of proteins has undergone considerable expansion in higher eukaryotes with humans and mice expressing seven isoforms (β, ε, η, γ, θ, ζ, and σ) from seven distinct genes (YWHAB, YWAHE, YWHAH, YWHAG, YWHAQ, YWHAZ, and SFN). ![]()
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |